The functions performed by various telecommunications departments

The implementation of a telecommunications project is an intricate process that requires the input of a variety of separate units. When an organization or any institution decides to put in place an Information Technology system, it must follow a systematic procedure that begins with the determination of the fact whether the project is necessary, whether it is economically viable, how it is going to operate and be maintained and finally the interface that must be put in place to assist its users and clients.That is why there are several departments in charge. The Planning Department plays the role of qualitatively analyzing a telecommunications project. After the need for the project has been identified, it is the planning department that deliberates on the best implementation approach. There needs to be linear analysis so that the costs of project implementation can be optimized, and to ensure that the final system put in place serves the function which it was intended to; which is i ncreasing the efficiency of operations.The development department is in charge of the actual project implementation. This is usually a technical department comprised of engineers and information scientists. It is in charge of laying the actual physical infrastructure and all the other support components. The Operations department is involved with making sure that the system already put in place by the development group is functioning optimally at all times.This requires constant maintenance and upgrading to remain in phase with advances in technology. Administrative services ensures that the IT project meets required standards of privacy or any other compatibility issues that are recommended depending on the type and application of the system. This department works in close collaboration with the help desk. The help desk on its part handles any queries which may arise from users of the telecommunications system.

Piaget and early childhood

Truss Excelsior College Even though Jean Paging passed over thirty years ago his work is still seen in the classroom today. There are three educational principles that are derived from Piglet's theory that continue to have a major impact on both teacher training and classroom practices, particularly during early childhood. Discovery learning, sensitivity to children's readiness to learn and acceptance of individual differences are the three educational principles that are still impacting the educational atmosphere (Beer, 2010).Discovery learning encourages children to learn through discovery by spontaneous interaction with the environment. Teachers place items in their classroom that students can use for exploration and discovery. Children can explore art supplies, measuring tools, puzzles, table games, building blocks, etc. To enhance learning. Teachers don't readily present verbal knowledge in this setting but encourage discovery by these tactile means (Beer, 2010). Sensitivity to children's readiness to learn is another principle derived from Page's theory.In this environment teachers introduce activities that build on children's current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world and enabling them to practice newly discovered themes. However if the child doesn't not show interest or readiness the teachers will not teach them until they show interest or readiness. Lastly acceptance of individual differences, gives credence to Piglet's theory that children undergo the same stages of development, they Just do it at different rates. For this reason teachers must plan activities for small groups and not the whole class.Evaluations must be related to the child's previous development rather than an average based on normative standards or related to peers in the same age group. This allows for learning tailored to individual differences (Beer, 2010). Although there are three main principles of Piglet's theory still found in the classroom today, her also theorized that there are limitations to early childhood thinking. According to Jean Pigged, egocentrics, conservation, concentration and reversibility and the lack of hierarchical classification, are limitations to early childhood thinking.These limitations are aspects in the operational stage of his cognitive development theory (Beer, 2010). Egocentrics, deals with children's ability to see things form another's point of view. Pigged conducted a three mountains problem, in which a doll was placed behind three distinctive mountains with the larger one facing the doll and the smaller ones facing the child. When asked to identify a picture from the doll's point of view they would only chose the picture that represented what they saw from their point of view.Conservation is explained as physical characteristics of objects remaining the same even when their outward appearances change. In a demonstration a child is shown two glasses with equal amounts of liquid. The child acknow ledges that the two glasses have the same volume of liquid. He then pours the liquid of one glass into a taller glass. Children on the operational phase of thinking will say that the glass that is taller has more liquid even though they didn't see any additional liquid poured to increase volume or any liquid removed to decrease volume.This task also explains two other aspects of his theory, concentration and reversibility. In this experiment the children focus, or center on the height of the glass. They do not process the fact that the changes in height and width are what make the liquid appear taller. This is the premise behind concentration. Irreversibility is also at play here. The children are not able to reverse the process and think that if she pours the taller glass of liquid back into the same glass it was poured out of it would take on the original shape from the original glass..

Plato’s Concept of Justice

Aside from â€Å"reason,† the concept of justice is a common topic in every dialogue of Plato like in â€Å"Parmenides† and â€Å"Timaeus†. However, it is in â€Å"The Republic† that the concept of justice is intensively argued, scrutinized, and differentiated. Specifically, the dialogue on the essence of justice in â€Å"The Republic† is largely brought up by the challenging inquiries of Glaucon and Adeimantus. Glaucon, spoken as devil’s advocate, classified justice similarly to the goods chosen, not for the goods themselves, but for the other things that they may bring. Glaucon argued that people do not want anyone to obstruct their unceasing desire for everything and only act in such a way that they avoid unjust treatment. As an analogy, he used the story of Gyges' ring, the ring that gives magical invisibility to its bearer. Anyone who becomes a possessor of that ring can hardly resist the temptation of becoming like a god among others. He or she, unrestrained by justice, will use the ring to satisfy his desires for everything. On the contrary, Socrates pointed out that justice, both in itself and what it brings is good while injustice, even unnoticed, is injurious. Thus, to confute the impressive challenge of Glaucon, Socrates it is imperative to understand the essence of justice before one can really know whether justice is good in itself or it is good due to the things which come from it. However, to expound the Plato's concept of justice, the different gaps in his arguments are needed to be filled with the missing premises. Historical Background In the ancient time, Greeks conceive justice through the poets' ideas like those of Hesiod. Hesiod described justice by conforming to certain set of acts; to avoid Zeus' punishment and achieve his rewards, man must act in accordance with Zeus' will. However, this concept of reward and punishment has lost its credibility during the late period of the fifth century. As people came to observe that most unjust men flourish as good citizens continue to suffer hardships and trials, they denounced the pre-conceived notion that rewards are given to the good doer while punishments are inflicted to the unjust. Consequently, as democracy in the Athenian society evolves, few Athens can hardly see to give importance on the afterlife and the questions on the essence of justice became a great controversy. This controversy was exacerbated by the Sophists who act as hired tutors for wealthy students. Sophists denied the existence of the standards or objective truth concerning right and wrong. They rather treated morality and law as the bases of truth. For instance, Antiphon publicly declared that one must choose to be unjust for it is an advantage. Hence, Plato decided to defend justice against the Sophistic challenge. The Argumentation Thrasymachus claimed that justice is merely an advantage of the stronger citizens. In Book I, he argued that the societal norms and mores are merely conventions which serve as constraints for those who abide with them while others who ignore them are benefited. Whereas the unjust people gain power, become strong and rulers in the society, the weak conform to the justice which places them in a disadvantaged position. Thrasymachus then believed that the justice's norms and mores are merely conventions promulgated by the strong, powerful people and the rulers to protect their own interest and keep the weak into the state of oppression. On the other hand, the second book presented Thrasymachus' challenges not only to the standards of right and wrong but also on the Socrates' method of searching for the truth, the method of elenchus. The Socrates' method of finding the truth commences by building up ideas from the people's beliefs. Thus, if Thrasymachus is impeccable with his notions, truth about justice is merely imposed by rulers. This gave a great task to Socrates to assert that justice is both good and desirable and it is more than conventions; rather, it is connected to the standards of morality and it is our advantage to adhere with it. In the progression of the argumentation in Plato's â€Å"The Republic,† justice was discussed and described in different ways. Some of these ideas were rejected for they inaccurately described justice. Hence, in the end, the argumentation does not only lead to what justice is but also defined what it is not. By analogy, the conception of justice was compared to the political structure of the city and the components of an individual. â€Å"Justice emerges from the relation of these parts in both the city and the individual. † Although justice, in form, is not identical to the structure of the city or the form of the soul, the manner of the various parts of the soul or city must function imply the harmony that the justice could bring. Justice in the city and the individual’s soul is the relating and functioning of parts in a systemic way to produce a graceful harmonious result. † In its comparison with the city, â€Å"justice is everyone doing one's part into the best of what he or she can and not meddling in others business†. On the other hand, justice results when the three compone nts of the soul function in a graceful manner. Thus, as the individual parts of the soul and the city work properly, the resulting harmony is excellence in their function. This resulting excellence then is justice. In the case that one of their integral parts does not function well, the entity or individual suffers resulting to the lack of justice. Justice then for the individual is internal as he or she tries to align it from the soul with his or her body's external actions which in turn directly affected by the external world; hence, a just person will not commit unjust actions. In such way, the internal justice of the person is directly affected by the external world. Moreover, Book I presented the conception of justice as an internal virtue and external quality with more complexities and implications. The discussions of such can be directly seen from the propositions of Thrasymacus, Cephalus and Polemarcus which scrutinized by Socrates. Cephalus perceived justice as telling the truth and paying one's debts while Polemarchus proposed that â€Å"justice is giving each what is owed to them. † Socrates told is not always true as perceived by Cephalus for it could create disastrous results like in returning weapon to a mentally-defective person who could harm others and even herself or himself. Even the conception of Polemarchus is defective for it signifies the intention to help friends and to do harm to enemy. Socrates argued that a just person must not do anything harm to anyone for he or she must do good things and doing harm to anyone is not good. Nevertheless, Thrasymachus conceived justice as â€Å"the advantage of the stronger and obeying the rulers,† which was contradicted by Socrates due to its insufficiency. Thrasymachus' notion can also be stated as â€Å"advantage of the stronger,† which requires a deeper interpretation. In this way, Thrasymachus suggested that justice can only be fully understood by a person in power. So as to become powerful and ruler, that person must possess knowledge in producing justice and ruling for his or her favor. If the ruler has knowledge and knowledge is good, this goodness will lead everyone to happiness while happiness is ultimately justice. Looking gain at the proposition of Thrasymachus, he pointed out two essential things between the ruler and the ruled. First, the ruling group or person who will create laws is stronger and advantageous. Then, these laws inflict punishments to the ruled group which place them in a disadvantageous position. Thus, justice is compliance with the laws made by the rulers. As such, in the ideal world of Thrasymachus, the rulers pass laws for their favor and entirely for their own benefits. On the other hand, the ruled group is mandated to obey the laws in order to avoid punishments and to achieve the collective good. By implementing this, the ruler helps the ruled group to attain internal personal justice as well as to help the city in pursuing justice for â€Å"the individual justice echoes out to effect the city as a whole. † Therefore, compliance with the laws is also justice. The â€Å"good† for Thracymachus is doing what perceived to be good. Eve though there is no standard good, one must do things which bring profits and benefits to self. On the other hand, the powerful can act the way they want for the laws are made for their own favor. Meanwhile, the soul's function is living. Everything that functions has excellence and justice is the excellence of the soul. As well, the achievement of justice will eventually lead to the well-living and the happiness of a person. As justice leads to happiness and â€Å"just† person is also a happy one, the person has happiness if he or she has the sense on justice and the person is only â€Å"just† when he or she has happiness. Therefore, Thrasymachus believed that happiness is the end goal. Furthermore, Thrasymachus added that justice is only advantageous for the stronger and it is better to be unjust than just. Since getting more things bring happiness, it is better to get more in life. He suggested that if it is possible to act without the consequences of one's actions, anybody would transgress the set obligations and legal standards. Since laws are merely created to benefit the stronger, anybody may probably choose to act in a way which benefits him or her. In this manner, the person acts unjustly if in this way he or she will be benefited. By living then in unjust manner the person will be benefited and eventually will attain happiness. These propositions of Tharsymachus were largely shaped by his position as a sophist with no morality standards or objective truth belief. Man is capable of pretending just externally but internally unjust. For Thrasymachus, this ability is an advantage because the person can obtain the external reward of pretending as just while simultaneously avoiding the consequences of being unjust internally. In addition, the unjust man can take the advantage of the â€Å"just† man in a similar fashion. Thrasymachus set the example of a man who is a good tax payer and a law-abiding citizen as compared to the unjust tax evader who violated the law due to the belief that laws are not beneficial to him or her. For Thrasymachus, this situation necessitates a special skill or craft which can be perfected through practice. That is, an individual can possibly perfect the skills of being unjust while simultaneously pretending as a just person. Originally, it was Polemarchus who assumed that justice is a craft or skill which was debunked by Socrates but in the same argument Thrasymachus has fallen. Hence, by using the same analogy as with Polemarchus, Socrates was able to refute the proposition of Thrasymachus. Finally, at the end of Book I, Thrasymachus agreed with Socrates that a just man attains happiness while the unjust man falls into the trap of misery. As Thrasymachus retracted his previous propositions, Socrates further explained that the unjust man is unwise and ignorant. A wise man seeks the trail of other wise men that existed and made a path of wisdom; knowledge and wisdom must be achieved by a man to become just. Furthermore, Thrasymachus ideas of justice contradicted the Socrates’ a band of thieves’ analogy. As injustice brings hatred, each member of the band of thieves will come to a moot point where they could hardly trust one another which eventually lead to misunderstanding and separation. If injustice results to such worst ending, we may say then that only justice can preserve love and unity among individuals. Thus, justice is again associated with the â€Å"good† while the injustice is to unbeneficial which denounced the notion of Thrasymachus that injustice is beneficial than justice. Therefore, Thrasymachus ultimately believed that the soul directs the person’s life. This means that an individual with a good soul lives a good and beneficial life while an individual with a bad soul has a miserable life. In connection to this, Socrates firmly stated that a just man has a better life than the unjust for â€Å"justice is the peculiar excellence or virtue of the soul. † Plato’s â€Å"The Republic† presented a systematic analogy of the soul and the city. Plato proved that the human soul has various parts that work harmoniously. On the other hand, the city has different structures that work for the common good in order to attain peace and order and to avoid civil war. Whereas the social structures of the city must collectively work for the common good, the components of the soul must maintain harmonious relationships for the achievement of a collective functional excellence. As the soul functions justly, it is working with excellence which is the utmost functional goal of the soul itself. The Nature of Actions As discussed above, man’s action is a basis of justice. Man acts in way to attain happiness and to avoid pain. As such, Plato believed that the supreme good is the ultimate goal of every human endeavor. What then is the â€Å"good† for a man that can be possibly attained through his endeavors? It is happiness but relatively defined; vulgar men associated it with pleasure while people with refined character ascribed it to honor. While these things are pursued to achieve happiness in one’s self, but â€Å"good† should be pursued not only for happiness but for the â€Å"good† itself—as an end. The â€Å"good† brings happiness and is associated with function or activity. For instance, if you are a behest pianist then, you are good in playing piano for you are functioning well. The well-performance of your function creates happiness not only for yourself but also for the others, thus, giving you a unique identity. In the same line of reasoning, soul is an aspect of humans that differentiated them from the rest of the animals. Thus, man’s function concerns the soul. The rational component of the soul controls man’s impulses, thus, makes him virtuous. Therefore, â€Å"human good turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. † Meanwhile, the nature of man’s actions was classified as voluntary, nonvoluntary and involuntary. Involuntary actions are done against one’s disposition; voluntary actions are in accordance with the disposition; and nonvoluntary actions are accidentally done due to ignorance. Since virtue governs one’s disposition to act in accordance with the â€Å"good,† the primary basis then of a virtuous action is the goodness of choice. For an action is always a product of premeditated choice of an individual for the attainment of one’s purpose, it is therefore voluntary. This also satisfies the conditions that Plato believed are necessary for virtue: knowledge, volition, and doing. On the other hand, if an individual was forced for a certain action, although seem involuntary, he is still responsible for that action for he has a choice for not doing. Meanwhile doing things because of ignorance is involuntary if at the end, one recognizes ignorance while failure to do so, makes it nonvoluntary. For instance, if a drunkard is addicted to liquor due to inability to discern virtuous things, the person then is guilty of ignorance and the action is nonvoluntary. If at some point of time, the person realized his ignorance, the action then becomes involuntary. With these, only ignorance can excuse an action to be called a vice but has limitation. If after realizing virtuous things, the person has continued to be a drunkard, then the action is voluntary and he is therefore vicious. It is common sense to us, for example, that insufficient food and water taken into the body results to poor nutrition while a balanced diet ensures good health. â€Å"So too is it, then, in the case of temperance and courage and other virtues. † Avoidance of fears leads to timidity while extreme braveness endangers one’s life; absolute abstinence creates insensibility while hedonism shapes one’s indulgence. Since wrong doings are committed due to pleasure and noble character is avoided due to pain, pleasures and pain then are subjects of every virtue. Just and temperate actions are done by a man who has the sense of justice and temperance. â€Å"But if the acts that are in accordance with the virtues have themselves a certain character it does not follow that they are done justly or temperately. † Several conditions are necessary for the conduct of every virtuous action: knowledge of virtues; disposition for virtuous actions; and power to do virtuous actions. Hence, knowledge on virtues is not enough to become virtuous; rather, the disposition to put virtues into actions is a must. Limitations of Human Judgment Through the hierarchy of things here in the world, we perceive that several creatures are much better, thus, higher than the others: creatures that are alive are better than inanimate objects; living organisms that have senses are much better than plants; and humans that are alive have senses, and have the gift of reason are much perfect to the rest of the creations. However, even if we are the highest form of living organisms, we are not capable of an absolute understanding of reality. For we judge reality based the way we perceive things, beauty, truth or evil. In order to perceive, we make use of definite criteria that if are correct, entails the veracity of our judgment. Can we absolutely perceive the truth? In judging, we are guided by the truth but we do not judge the truth. The truth therefore is higher than us. Nonetheless, in perceiving the truth, we must grasp with something that does not change (solid basis). For if our basis changes, the left over is just a part of the truth. This is also true in perceiving the real essence of justice. In trying to explain free choices through other things may limit the rationale for the true justice. For different things may require different explanations. Hence, in trying to conceive for the real sense of justice, this may lead us to a perilous situation that is substituting vagueness to its real essence.

Critical Historical Film Review Essay 300 words

Critical Historical Film Review 300 words - Essay Example However, the German armored vehicles used in World War II were much harder to depict as very few exist in operating condition.1 The movie counters images of warriors portraying heroism by disclosing the real horror of combat and is in a lot of ways an antiwar story. Although this film depicts war brutality, it preserves the American soldiers’ likeness in World War II as being naturally reluctant to cruelty and bloodshed. The argument presented by this story would have been well reciprocated by a 1940s audience since an American soldier was seen to be patriotic. Further, a family man who went to the battle field was viewed as serving his obligation to both his country and family. In this view, it is in order to conclude that the film’s depiction of the actual happenings of the historical event was quite accurate.2 Â  However, this film is portrayed not as a 1940s production, but as a late 20th century production owing to Spielberg’s emphasis on heroism by an individual at the expense of the democratic community. In the 1940s, the realization of democracy rested on a sagacity of reciprocity of individuals and institutions largely governing their lives. Spielberg’s story of moral men represents to a great extent the concern of the late twentieth century with the singular person in the past, present, and

Significant Historical Event that Occurred Between 1945 and 2008 Essay

Significant Historical Event that Occurred Between 1945 and 2008 - Essay Example That the event continues to be memorable is also indicated in the work of Persbacher (2005). According to Persbacher (2005), the events of 9/11 are even in the consciousness of the religious who made the event as a point for personal and theological reflections. Five years after 9/11, Persbacher (2005, p. 96) noted that religious groups reflected on the event and expressed that â€Å"religious faith affects reactions to horrific events† and that â€Å"horrific events affect religious faith† as well. Some of the more important events immediately after 9/11 had been recorded by the Migration Policy Institute. On 17 September 2001, the Immigration and Naturalization Service increased from 24 to 48 hours the length of time a non-citizen can be detained without charges (Migration Policy Institute, 2003). On 19 September 2011, Attorney General John Ascroft presented to President George Bush the administration’s proposed anti-terrorist measures (Migration Policy Institu te, 2003). At least 480 persons were arrested by the end of September 2011 for various charges related to the 9/11 bombings and the figure increased to 1,000 around October (Migration Policy Institute, 2003). On 1 October 2011, President George W. ... 2). On 31 October 2001, US Attorney General Asroft recommended to the US Secretary of State 46 groups for inclusion in the list of â€Å"terrorist organizations† under the provisions of the US Patriot Act (Migration Policy Institute, 2003, p. 3). Indeed, from these alone, it is easy to conclude that 9/11 directly and significantly affected American lives. Along the way, we also discuss how 9/11 affected the lives of all people in the world today. Versions and Interpretation of 9/11 Tamney’s (2004, p. 599) documentation of the 9/11 are as follows. On 21 September 2001, men inspired by Islamic convictions â€Å"hijacked four passenger planes flying over the United States.† Tamney (2004, p. 599) continued that â€Å"three of the four planes were crashed into the Pentagon in Washington D.C. and the twin towers of the World Trade Organization in New York City.† According to Tamney (2004, p. 599), â€Å"at least three thousand people died as a result of these a ttacks.† Tamney (2004, p. 599) pointed out that soon after, Journalist Oriana Fallaci published The Rage and the Pride in which â€Å"she argued that the terrorist attacks expressed the essence of Islam, that most Muslims were happy about the attack, and that Muslims are out to destroy the West.† According to Tamney (2003), Fallaci’s book became a bestseller in Italy and France and was soon published in the United States in 2002. Many believe that the terrorist attack on 11 September 2011 was successful because the attack has been a surprised. However, Dahl (2008, p. 19) consider this as a conventional wisdom that must challenged: more often investigations showed that the â€Å"warnings have been available but were either misunderstood or ignored.† According to

Business HR Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business HR Research Paper - Essay Example The major findings of the research showed that the system of compensation of an organization determines the motivation of the employees towards their work and the skill of the employees of the organization. This illustrates that the productivity of an organization partly depends the compensation structure in the organization. The paper also has provisions on how to improve productivity of the human resource departments of organizations and the general organization in the form strategies concerning compensation structures revisions. Key words: skills, motivation, rewards Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Competitive compensation system 4 2.1 Objectives of competitive compensation structures 5 3 Effect of different compensation structures 5 3.1 Motivation 6 3.2 Strategies to incorporate in motivating employees 6 3.3 Skill set of the employees 7 3.4 Strategies for the increasing and retaining the numbers of skilled employees 7 4 Challenges of the compensation systems 8 5 Conclusion 9 1 Introd uction In the business world, compensation refers to all rewards that employees can earn in relation to the labor they provide. A good compensation system is an important aspect of a successful human resource management program, which is vital for the success of a management enterprise as a whole. The compensation may be in the form of direct financial compensation that is provided after regular intervals like wages and bonuses, indirect financial compensation that consists of financial rewards that are not part of the direct compensation, and non-financial compensation that deals with the work environment. However, the compensation should put into consideration the uniqueness of each employee. Compensation systems seek to create a rational method for the determination of the pay of employees in accordance with their performance in their respective jobs (Bhattacharya and Sengupta, 2009). This creates a feeling of equity among the human resource. The compensation in terms of wages is important in the determination of the maintenance of an organization’s human resource that implies the goal of developing a good compensation system attract, motivate, and retain a quality human resource department that will improve the company’s prosperity. 2 Competitive compensation system A competitive compensation system is a product of trying to attain external equity within a market. External equity is a situation where the pay rates for the employees of an organization are at least similar to the average pay rates in the market (Walker, 2004). If the compensation system of the organization is quite similar to the average compensation system in the market, the goals of developing compensation systems in terms of attracting, motivating and retaining employees are not achieved as they might seek the employ of similar organizations. This prompts employers to take steps enabling compensation of employees using rates that are necessary for the finding, keeping and mo tivation of an adequate qualified employee number. This creates a market compensation structure that is competitive with the employers seeking to provide the most attractive policies and rates (Walker, 2004). 2.1 Objectives of competitive compensation structures The competitive compensation structures of most organizations therefore have four basic objectives; To regularly measure

Impact of Music Education and Issues Stopping its Implementation Essay

Impact of Music Education and Issues Stopping its Implementation - Essay Example Therefore, through this research I would like to find the answers to the following two questions:What are the effects of music on overall development of the brain including academics? Why is music education not taken seriously by educators and what are the reasons withholding them from implementing music education permanently?To answer the first question, there is a lot of secondary research available. Many experts and researchers in the field have already addressed the issue. Some researchers have conducted studies that show that there is a link between music and brain functioning. â€Å"Mozart effect† is a result of one such study. Studies have been conducted to identify specific effects such as effects of music on learning, reading skills, standardized tests, grade-point averages, etc. Therefore to answer this and prove my thesis that music has positive effects, I will depend primarily on secondary research. The sources that I will use are mentioned in the bibliography. Thi s is based on initial research and new resources will be added as after detailed research.Therefore I will concentrate more on primary research. This will involve conducting surveys and interviews of scholars in the field, both from music and education. The administration in educational institutions will be contacted and requested to take part and assist in the research so as to get to the bottom of the issue. If necessary, the participant’s privacy will be respected and their identity will be kept anonymous.

Violent Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Violent Culture - Essay Example One major environmental factor that influences violent behavior in teens is the media, which includes television, Internet, music, and videogames. "The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that children between 2 and 18 years of age spend 6.5 to 8 hours a day watching television, videotapes, movies, and videogames. The average young person, by age 18, has seen 200,000 acts of violence on television alone (Lavers, 2002, 68)." Television has become a major part of our children's lives and violence from programming is becoming embossed into the psyche of children. Cartoon violence and fictitious movies with shoot-them-up antics are not the only problem. News reports also play a major role in brocading violence to our children by glamorizing school shootings and showing images of American soldiers fighting and dying in Iraq. These reports give children the idea that if you bring a gun to school then you will become famous and that it is all right to hurt people that hurt you because t he American government are killing the terrorist that hurt the country. Music lyrics have gotten more violent over the decades as well.

Civilization or people Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civilization or people - Term Paper Example This essay attempts to prove that Hannibal’s victory at the Battle of Cannae should be attributed to the Carthaginian general’s tactical brilliance, and not to mere luck (i.e. the Roman army was seriously weakened by earlier battles). If Hannibal had exploited his triumph by attacking Rome, the Roman historian Livy believes, the Romans would have been obliged to bring peace claims. However, Hannibal decided not to attack Rome at the moment. Livy believes that this judgment was the ‘salvation of the Roman state.’1 The Battle of Cannae In 217 BC, Hannibal based his army near the Adriatic coast and kept on destroying villages in southern Italy.2 Polybius recounts that Hannibal was deeply informed of the problems posed by the Italian invasion and was aware that his main predicament would be resources.3 Rome was very weak at the time because of the massive losses it sustained the year prior. Still, Rome assigned Quintus Fabius Maximus as the new leader. Because Hannibal has a mightier cavalry, Fabius rested his army in the hills in order to reverse this advantage, resorting to the attack-retreat strategy. This was shrewd and successful given the changing balance of power after the defeats at Trasimeno and Trebia4: â€Å"The Romans hovered in the vicinity of the Carthaginians, cut off stragglers and foragers, and prevented them from founding a permanent base. The strategy avoided Roman defeat and dimmed Hannibal’s glory. It successfully kept Rome’s allies from declaring for Carthage, but it aroused great opposition among Romans themselves, for their state had thrived on a tradition of offensive warfare.†5 However, this was only a brief success. Fabius tried fearlessly to attack the Carthaginians in Falernia. He made sure that Hannibal was caught off guard. That moment, seeing his position as hopeless, Hannibal brought together all the animals in his encampment. He attached flares to each of them and made them attack the Roman encampment. Fear and bewilderment followed. Masked in darkness, with terror raging in the Roman encampment, Hannibal withdrew his whole army of 70,000 soldiers without any fatality on his side.6 Fabius had successfully held back Hannibal for six months, but the Senate decided to end his tenure as commanding officer and assigned two ambassadors, Varro and Paulus. They had realized that to confront Hannibal with not enough advantage would lead to a definite tragedy. Hence, they amassed a huge army: â€Å"Rome assembled the largest army they had ever placed in the field, eighty thousand infantry, and seven thousand cavalry.†7 Hannibal passed through the Aufidus River. The river was actually a barricade in case of defeat. Hannibal planned to take advantage of this positioning to tempt the Roman army to attack. Another lure, even though unintended, was that all of the elephants of Hannibal had been wiped out. It would be a war between two remarkably trained armed forces, th e Carthaginians being outnumbered by the Roman army.8 Both the Roman and Carthaginian armies were organized in traditional order, the cavalry on both flanks and the infantry in the middle. However, Hannibal placed his less reliable Spanish and Gauls foot soldiers at the forefront, while keeping his powerful African infantry on both flanks. This worked as bait for the attacking Roman army, who attacked the Spaniards and Gauls, pushing them, just like what Hannibal had planned. As a result, the U-shaped Carthaginian formation became bowl-shaped,

Fair is foul and foul is fair Essay Example for Free

Fair is foul and foul is fair Essay Fair is foul and foul is fair.(1,1,190) The total theme of Shakespeares play Macbeth. The three sisters, also known as, witches begin what will later unravel into many deaths and a concluding tragedy. Who is at fault for this domino-killing spree? No other then a pure evil mixture of the witches and their undercover sidekick Lady Macbeth. Hecate held a very important role in the murders of an innocent family, but then again its expected of evil. Macbeth proves that evil does have more power then good, but in the end what goes around comes around. All Hail Macbeth, that shalt be Kind hereafter. (1,3,194). This is the single line ignites all of the horrors throughout the play. Macbeth, before he met the witches was not a bad person. Macbeth was actually fighting rebels for the kings protection, not to mention in a very honorable position of Thane of Glamis. Macbeth, in the beginning had all of the qualities of an honorable gentleman who could become anything. This is all shattered with his ambition overrides his sense of morality (What are the influences). The witches made him feel that he will be kind and that it was his destiny. (Power). Macbeths life turned a total three sixty into the evil direction. The witches manipulated his thoughts, and images worked his mind. (Power). Of course they were only words that the witches gave, but keeping in mind what powerful beings they were presented to be in the era of Macbeth, they were considered to be able to: see into the future, make people fall ill with the use of spells and potions, as well as to kill anyone at any distance. They were also known to cause bad weather and storms, which the play had begun with, (Macbeth: Witchcraft). Duncans death was entirely the witches fault, they told Macbeth hed be king, basically giving Macbeth permission to kill. Obviously Macbeth felt that since it was in the future then it didnt matter how exactly he would become king. Macbeth decided to take action on himself and not wait around for his prize. Although Macbeth has considered killing Duncan in the past it is not certain that he would have actually committed the murder were it not for the witches fortune telling. (Response to Brians Paper). The downfall of Macbeths fortune is the witches never told him once you start, you will never be able to stop the killings. They didnt seem to mention that everyone is responsible for his own destiny, and once he kills for his first time, he has no choice but to continue to cover-up his wrong doings, or risk losing everything he has worked so hard for, (What are the influences). If the witches would have told Macbeth that king would cost him killing his best friend Banquo who give him the best advice when he said Were such things here as we do speak or have we eaten on the insane root that takes the reason prisoner? (1,3,195). He also refers to the witches at instruments, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betrays in deepest consequence. (1,3,196). Banquos basically smarter then Macbeth, obvious to why the witches referred to him as happier and greater then Macbeth. He noted that, why would these evil witches want to tell you things that will help you out. Its obvious that they will benefit from the situation somehow. Having Macbeths trust is one way, where they will be able to have great power. Banquo believes that evil brings consequences. A few of the consequences were partly Macbeth having to kill the drunken guards to cover up Duncans murder, then killing Banquo. Of course the witches werent all at fault, Macbeth had a very powerful Id on his hands as well. Her name is Lady Macbeth, someone who Macbeth considered his equal. They were happily married and living an ordinary life. Lady Macbeth could however possible be a witch herself. Its a fact that in a major textbook for witch hunters, Malleus Maleficarum, describes how witches are able to make men impotent, or even make their penises disappear. (Riedel). The reality of Macbeths penis disappearing at that time would most likely cause him suspicious of Lady Macbeth as a wife, but it is true that they did not have any children, thank god, and in those days, for a woman to not be able to child bare was very unacceptable. Lady Macbeth proves her evilness remarking I have given suck, and know how tender tis to love the babe that mils me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, has I so sworn as you have done to this. (1,7, 206). Lady Macbeth was right beside Macbeth in every action he took, urging him and playing on his insecurities. Lady Macbeth plays the key role as she removes her feminine caring feelings so she can push Macbeth to carry out the murder. (Power). Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth that hes not a man if hes cant do it. She almost challenges his masculinity and bravery. If Macbeth wants to make her happy he would do as she says, which is Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert. (1,5, 202). The supernatural world will aid her in the hardening of her heart and make it possible for her to carry out her malicious plan. (Wyn). Lady Macbeth is more of a forceful push towards the murder. The witches are the security behind the murder, for they tell Macbeth that he will be kind, and Lady Macbeth acts more of a catalyst, harassing Macbeth and forcing him to carry out the murders. (Power). There is only one witch that has a name. She is Hecate which means she who works from afar. (Something Wicked This Way Comes) Hecate, playing only a small role in Macbeths play is at fault for Macduffs familys murders. Hecate, being displeased with all of the negative actions Macbeth has been causing, especially since she was not apart of the evil that was going around. How did you dare to trade and traffic with Macbeth in riddles and affairs of death; and I, the mistress of your charms, the close contriver of all harms, was never called to bear my part or show the glory of our art? (5, 1, 237). Hecate decided to give Macbeth some new apparitions. These apparitions were to bring Macbeth to his tragedy and downfall. Hecate, even in the rise of bringing evil to someone evil, still caused harm and death to the innocent. Beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife. (4,1,244). Of course taking everything the witches say one hundred percent seriously the first thing Macbeth did was get revenge on Macduffs family since he was not to be found to kill. It is all Hecates pure joy for the game of evil that that unfortunate scene happened. Other then Macduff, Hecate did help to put an end to Macbeth with apparitions that allowed him to let down his guards and making him very accessible to death. In conclusion all of the deaths in Macbeth were at the faults of the witches, and his wife. The witches prophesies were intentionally ambiguous, and their alliteration and rhymed couplets with which they spoke their omens, contributed to the effect of instability and confusion in their words. (ClassicNote). Thus having Macbeth believe that he was to be kind in the first place. They could have meant something totally different, that he may have been a different type of king, in a different country. Macbeth didnt really positively know what kind of king or where or anything, he just jumped on assumptions, and did what he had to do to get there. Macbeth stepped on everyone in the play below himself and deceived everyone around him. Macbeths wife played on the role of a powerful woman figure in the household, she was only thinking of herself and everything she would gain by being married to the king, but underestimated the power of guilt. Guilt played the key role in another small factor, which lead Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to their graves. The theme of this play foul is fair and fair is foul ends in death.

Problems addressed by supply chain management

Problems addressed by supply chain management Problems addressed by supply chain management Supply chain management must address the following problems: Distribution Network Configuration: number, location and network missions of suppliers, production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, cross-docks and customers. Distribution Strategy: questions of operating control (centralized, decentralized or shared); delivery scheme, e.g.,direct shipment, pool point shipping,cross docking, DSD (direct store delivery), closed loop shipping; mode of transportation, e.g.,motor carrier, including truckload,LTL,parcel;railroad; intermodal transport, including TOFC (trailer on flatcar) and COFC (container on flatcar); ocean freight; airfreight; replenishment strategy (e.g., pull, push or hybrid); and transportation control (e.g., owner-operated,private carrier,common carrier, contract carrier, or3PL). Trade-Offs in Logistical Activities: The above activities must be well coordinated in order to achieve the lowest total logistics cost. Trade-offs may increase the total cost if only one of the activities is optimized. For example, full truckload (FTL) rates are more economical on a cost per pallet basis than less than truckload (LTL) shipments. If, however, a full truckload of a product is ordered to reduce transportation costs, there will be an increase in inventory holding costs which may increase total logistics costs. It is therefore imperative to take a systems approach when planning logistical activities. These trade-offs are key to developing the most efficient and effective Logistics and SCM strategy. Information: Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuable information, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential collaboration, etc. Inventory Management: Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods. Cash-Flow: Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds across entities within the supply chain. Supply chain execution means managing and coordinating the movement of materials, information and funds across the supply chain. The flow is bi-directional. Activities/functions Supply chain management is a cross-function approach including managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end-consumer. As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they reduce their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other entities that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing management control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of supply chain management concepts. The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the velo city of inventory movement. Several models have been proposed for understanding the activities required to manage material movements across organizational and functional boundaries.SCORis a supply chain management model promoted by the Supply Chain Council. Another model is the SCM Model proposed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Supply chain activities can be grouped into strategic, tactical, and operational levels . The CSCMP has adopted The American Productivity Quality Center (APQC) Process Classification FrameworkSMa high-level, industry-neutral enterprise process model that allows organizations to see their business processes from a cross-industry viewpoint. Strategic level Strategic network optimization, including the number, location, and size of warehousing,distribution centers, and facilities. Strategic partnershipswith suppliers, distributors, and customers, creating communication channels for critical information and operational improvements such ascross docking, direct shipping, andthird-party logistics. Product life cycle management, so that new and existing products can be optimally integrated into the supply chain and capacity management activities. Information technologychain operations. Where-to-make andmake-buy decisions. Aligning overall organizational strategy with supply strategy. It is for long term and needs resource commitment. Tactical level Sourcing contracts and other purchasing decisions. Production decisions, including contracting, scheduling, and planning process definition. Inventory decisions, including quantity, location, and quality of inventory. Transportation strategy, including frequency, routes, and contracting. Benchmarkingof all operations against competitors and implementation ofbest practicesthroughout the enterprise. Milestone payments. Focus on customer demand and Habits. Operational level Daily production and distribution planning, including all nodes in the supply chain. Production scheduling for each manufacturing facility in the supply chain (minute by minute). Demand planning and forecasting, coordinating the demand forecast of all customers and sharing the forecast with all suppliers. Sourcing planning, including current inventory and forecast demand, in collaboration with all suppliers. Inbound operations, including transportation from suppliers and receiving inventory. Production operations, including the consumption of materials and flow of finished goods. Outbound operations, including all fulfillment activities, warehousing and transportation to customers. Order promising, accounting for all constraints in the supply chain, including all suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, and other customers. From production level to supply level accounting all transit damage cases arrange to settlement at customer level by maintaining company loss through insurance company. Importance of supply chain management Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy.[7]In Peter Druckers (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies. During the past decades, globalization, outsourcing andinformation technologyhave enabled many organizations, such asDellandHewlett Packard, to successfully operate solid collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only a few key strategic activities (Scott, 1993). This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization. However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither market nor hierarchy categories (Powell, 1990). It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among the players. From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms (Zhang and Dilts, 2004). Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little co ncern for the internal management working of other individual players. Therefore, the choice of an internal management control structure is known to impact local firm performance (Mintzberg, 1979). In the 21st century, changes in the business environment have contributed to the development of supply chain networks. First, as an outcome of globalization and the proliferation of multinational companies, joint ventures, strategic alliances and business partnerships, significant success factors were identified, complementing the earlier Just-In-Time, Lean Manufacturing and Agile Manufacturing practices.[8]Second, technological changes, particularly the dramatic fall in information communication costs, which are a significant component of transaction costs, have led to changes in coordination among the members of the supply chain network (Coase, 1998). Many researchers have recognized these kinds of supply network structures as a new organization form, using terms such as Keiretsu, Extended Enterprise, Virtual Corporation, Global Production Network, and Next Generation Manufacturing System.[9]In general, such a structure can be defined as a group of semi-independent organizations, each with their capabilities, which collaborate in ever-changing constellations to serve one or more markets in order to achieve some business goal specific to that collaboration (Akkermans, 2001). The security management system for supply chains is described in ISO/IEC 28000 and ISO/IEC 28001 and related standards published jointly by ISOandIEC. Historical developments in supply chain management Six major movements can be observed in the evolution of supply chain management studies: Creation, Integration, and Globalization (Movahedi et al., 2009), Specialization Phases One and Two, and SCM 2.0. 1. creation era The termsupply chain managementwas first coined by a U.S. industry consultant in the early 1980s. However, the concept of a supply chain in management was of great importance long before, in the early 20th century, especially with the creation of the assembly line. The characteristics of this era of supply chain management include the need for large-scale changes, re-engineering, downsizing driven by cost reduction programs, and widespread attention to the Japanese practice of management. 2. integration era This era of supply chain management studies was highlighted with the development of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems in the 1960s and developed through the 1990s by the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. This era has continued to develop into the 21st century with the expansion of internet-based collaborative systems. This era of supply chain evolution is characterized by both increasing value-adding and cost reductions through integration. In fact a supply chain can be classified as a Stage 1, 2 or 3 network. In stage 1 type supply chain, various systems such as Make, Storage, Distribution, Material control, etc are not linked and are independent of each other. In a stage 2 supply chain, these are integrated under one plan and is ERP enabled. A stage 3 supply chain is one in which vertical integration with the suppliers in upstream direction and customers in downstream direction is achieved. An example of this kind of supply chain is Tesco. 3. globalization era The third movement of supply chain management development, the globalization era, can be characterized by the attention given to global systems of supplier relationships and the expansion of supply chains over national boundaries and into other continents. Although the use of global sources in the supply chain of organizations can be traced back several decades (e.g., in the oil industry), it was not until the late 1980s that a considerable number of organizations started to integrate global sources into their core business. This era is characterized by the globalization of supply chain management in organizations with the goal of increasing their competitive advantage, value-adding, and reducing costs through global sourcing. 4. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase one: outsourced manufacturing and distribution In the 1990s, industries began to focus on â€Å"core competencies† and adopted a specialization model. Companies abandoned vertical integration, sold off non-core operations, and outsourced those functions to other companies. This changed management requirements by extending the supply chain well beyond company walls and distributing management across specialized supply chain partnerships. This transition also re-focused the fundamental perspectives of each respective organization. OEMs became brand owners that needed deep visibility into their supply base. They had to control the entire supply chain from above instead of from within. Contract manufacturers had to manage bills of material with different part numbering schemes from multiple OEMs and support customer requests for work -in-process visibility and vendor-managed inventory (VMI). The specialization model creates manufacturing and distribution networks composed of multiple, individual supply chains specific to products, suppliers, and customers who work together to design, manufacture, distribute, market, sell, and service a product. The set of partners may change according to a given market, region, or channel, resulting in a proliferation of trading partner environments, each with its own unique characteristics and demands. 5. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase two: supply chain management as a service Specialization within the supply chain began in the 1980s with the inception of transportation brokerages, warehouse management, and non-asset-based carriers and has matured beyond transportation and logistics into aspects of supply planning, collaboration, execution and performance management. At any given moment, market forces could demand changes from suppliers, logistics providers, locations and customers, and from any number of these specialized participants as components of supply chain networks. This variability has significant effects on the supply chain infrastructure, from the foundation layers of establishing and managing the electronic communication between the trading partners to more complex requirements including the configuration of the processes and work flows that are essential to the management of the network itself. Supply chain specialization enables companies to improve their overall competencies in the same way that outsourced manufacturing and distribution has done; it allows them to focus on their core competencies and assemble networks of specific, best-in-class partners to contribute to the overall value chain itself, thereby increasing overall performance and efficiency. The ability to quickly obtain and deploy this domain-specific supply chain expertise without developing and maintaining an entirely unique and complex competency in house is the leading reason why supply chain specialization is gaining popularity. Outsourced technology hosting for supply chain solutions debuted in the late 1990s and has taken root primarily in transportation and collaboration categories. This has progressed from the Application Service Provider (ASP) model from approximately 1998 through 2003 to the On-Demand model from approximately 2003-2006 to the Software as a Service (SaaS) model currently in focus today. 6. supply chain management 2.0 (SCM 2.0) Building on globalization and specialization, the term SCM 2.0 has been coined to describe both the changes within the supply chain itself as well as the evolution of the processes, methods and tools that manage it in this new era. Web 2.0 is defined as a trend in the use of the World Wide Web that is meant to increase creativity, information sharing, and collaboration among users. At its core, the common attribute that Web 2.0 brings is to help navigate the vast amount of information available on the Web in order to find what is being sought. It is the notion of a usable pathway. SCM 2.0 follows this notion into supply chain operations. It is the pathway to SCM results, a combination of the processes, methodologies, tools and delivery options to guide companies to their results quickly as the complexity and speed of the supply chain increase due to the effects of global competition, rapid price fluctuations, surging oil prices, short product life cycles, expanded specialization, near-/far- and off-shoring, and talent scarcity. SCM 2.0 leverages proven solutions designed to rapidly deliver results with the agility to quickly manage future change for continuous flexibility, value and success. This is delivered through competency networks composed of best-of-breed supply chain domain expertise to understand which elements, both operationally and organizationally, are the critical few that deliver the results as well as through intimate understanding of how to manage these elements to achieve desired results. Finally, the solutions are delivered in a variety of options, such as no-touch via business process outsourcing, mid-touch via managed services and software as a service (SaaS), or high touch in the traditional software deployment model. Supply chain business process integration Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. An example scenario: the purchasing department places orders as requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to satisfy this demand. Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged throughprocess integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business. The key supply chain processes stated by Lambert (2004)[10]are: Customer relationship management Customer service management Demand management Order fulfillment Manufacturing flow management Supplier relationship management Product development and commercialization Returns management Much has been written about demand management. Best-in-Class companies have similar characteristics, which include the following: a) Internal and external collaboration b) Lead time reduction initiatives c) Tighter feedback from customer and market demand d) Customer level forecasting One could suggest other key critical supply business processes which combine these processes stated by Lambert such as: Customerservice management Procurement Product development and commercialization Manufacturing flow management/support Physical distribution Outsourcing/partnerships Performance measurement a) Customerservice managementprocess Customer Relationship Management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service is the source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real-time information on scheduling and product availability through interfaces with the companys production and distribution operations. Successful organizations use the following steps to build customer relationships: determine mutually satisfying goals for organization and customers establish and maintain customer rapport produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers b) Procurement process Strategic plans are drawn up with suppliers to support the manufacturing flow management process and the development of new products. In firms where operations extend globally, sourcing should be managed on a global basis. The desired outcome is a win-win relationship where both parties benefit, and a reduction in time required for the design cycle and product development. Also, the purchasing function develops rapid communication systems, such aselectronic data interchange(EDI) and Internet linkage to convey possible requirements more rapidly. Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers involve resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling andquality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers on matters of scheduling, supply continuity, hedging, and research into new sources or programs. c) Product development and commercialization Here, customers and suppliers must be integrated into the product development process in order to reduce time to market. As product life cycles shorten, the appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched with ever shorter time-schedules to remain competitive. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), managers of the product development and commercialization process must: coordinate with customer relationship management to identify customer-articulated needs; select materials and suppliers in conjunction with procurement, and develop production technology in manufacturing flow to manufacture and integrate into the best supply chain flow for the product/market combination. d) Manufacturing flow management process The manufacturing process produces and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. Manufacturing processes must be flexible to respond to market changes and must accommodate mass customization. Orders are processes operating on a just-in-time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. Also, changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times, meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency in meeting customer demand. Activities related to planning, scheduling and supporting manufacturing operations, such as work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and final assemblies postponement of physical distribution operations. e) Physical distribution This concerns movement of a finished product/service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing channel, and the availability of the product/service is a vital part of each channel participants marketing effort. It is also through the physical distribution process that the time and space of customer service become an integral part of marketing, thus it links a marketing channel with its customers (e.g., links manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers). f) Outsourcing/partnerships This is not just outsourcing the procurement of materials and components, but also outsourcing of services that traditionally have been provided in-house. The logic of this trend is that the company will increasingly focus on those activities in the value chain where it has a distinctive advantage, and outsource everything else. This movement has been particularly evident inlogisticswhere the provision of transport, warehousing and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to specialists or logistics partners. Also, managing and controlling this network of partners and suppliers requires a blend of both central and local involvement. Hence, strategic decisions need to be taken centrally, with the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day-to-day liaison with logistics partners being best managed at a local level. g) Performance measurement Experts found a strong relationship from the largest arcs of supplier and customer integration to market share and profitability. Taking advantage of supplier capabilities and emphasizing a long-term supply chain perspective in customer relationships can both be correlated with firm performance. As logistics competency becomes a more critical factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage, logistics measurement becomes increasingly important because the difference between profitable and unprofitable operations becomes more narrow. A.T. Kearney Consultants (1985) noted that firms engaging in comprehensive performance measurement realized improvements in overall productivity. According to experts, internal measures are generally collected and analyzed by the firm including Cost Customer Service Productivity measures Asset measurement, and Quality. External performance measurement is examined through customer perception measures and best practice benchmarking, and includes 1) customer perception measurement, and 2) best practice benchmarking. h)Warehousing management: As a case of reducing company cost expenses, warehousing management is carrying the valuable role against operations. In case of perfect storing office with all convenient facilities in company level, reducing manpower cost, dispatching authority with on time delivery, loading unloading facilities with proper area, area for service station, stock management system etc. Components of supply chain management are as follows: 1. Standardization 2. Postponement 3. Customization Theories of supply chain management Currently there is a gap in the literature available on supply chain management studies: there is no theoretical support for explaining the existence and the boundaries of supply chain management. A few authors such as Halldorsson, et al. (2003), Ketchen and Hult (2006) and Lavassani, et al. (2009) have tried to provide theoretical foundations for different areas related to supply chain by employing organizational theories. These theories include: Resource-Based View (RBV) Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) Knowledge-Based View (KBV) Strategic Choice Theory (SCT) Agency Theory (AT) Institutional theory (InT) Systems Theory (ST) Network Perspective (NP) Materials Logistics Management (MLM) Just-in-Time(JIT) Material Requirements Planning(MRP) Theory of Constraints(TOC) Total Quality Management(TQM) Agile Manufacturing Time Based Competition (TBC) Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) Customer Relationship Management(CRM) and many more , Supply chain centroids Tax efficient supply chain management Tax Efficient Supply Chain Managementis a business model which consider the effect ofTaxin design and implementation of supply chain management. This is different in the context of an international issue as businesses which is cross-nation pay different tax rates in different countries. Due to the differences, global players have the opportunity to calculate and optimize supply chain based on tax efficiencylegally. This is one method of gaining more profit for companies in the international trade, i.e. within the parameter of a global supply chain. Supply chain sustainability Supply chain sustainabilityis a business issue affecting an organizations supply chain or logistics network and is frequently quantified by comparison with SECH ratings. SECH ratings are defined associal, ethical, cultural and healthfootprints. Consumers have become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases and companies SECH ratings and, along with non-governmental organizations ([NGO]s), are setting the agenda for transitions to organically-grown foods, anti-sweatshop labor codes and locally-produced goods that support independent and small businesses. Because supply chains frequently account for over 75% of a companyscarbon footprint[14]many organizations are exploring how they can reduce this and thus improve their SECH rating. For example, in July, 2009 the U.S. basedWal-Martcorporation announced its intentions to create a globalsustainabilityindex that would rate products according to the environmental and social impact made while the products were manufactured and distributed. The sustainability rating index is intended to create environmental accountability in Wal-Marts supply chain, and provide the motivation andinfrastructurefor other retail industry companies to do the same. Components of supply chain management integration The management components of SCM The SCM components are the third element of the four-square circulation framework. The level of integration and management of a business process link is a function of the number and level, ranging from low to high, of components added to the link (Ellram and Cooper, 1990; Houlihan, 1985). Consequently, adding more management components or increasing the level of each component can increase the level of integration of the business process link. The literature on business process re-engineering,buyer-supplier relationships,and SCMsuggests various possible components that must receive managerial attention when managing supply relationships. Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified the following components: Planning and control Work structure Organization structure Product flow facility structure Information flow facility structure Management methods Power and leadership structure Risk and reward structure Culture and attitude However, a more careful examination of the existing literature[19]leads to a more comprehensive understanding of what should be the key critical supply chain components, the branches of the previous identified supply chain business processes, that is, what kind of relationship the components may have that are related to suppliers and customers. Bowersox and Closs states that the emphasis on cooperation represents the synergism leading to the highest level of joint achievement (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A primary level channel participant is a business that is willing to participate in the inventory ownership responsibility or assume other aspects of financial risk, thus including primary level components (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A secondary level participant (specialized) is a business that participates in channel relationships by performing essential services for primary participants, including secondary level components, which support primary participants. Third level channel p articipants and components that support the primary level channel participants and are the fundamental branches of the secondary level components may also be included. Consequently, Lambert and Coopers framework of supply chain components does not lead to any conclusion about what are the primary or secondary (specialized) level supply chain components (see Bowersox and Closs, 1996, p.93). That i

VOIP Technology to Make Voice Calls

VOIP Technology to Make Voice Calls Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science Computer Networks Program Course Number CN8814 Course Title Network Mathematics and Simulations Semester/Year Summer 2015 Instructor Dr. Alagan Anpalagan Lab Assignment No Lab 2 Assignment Title QoS for VOIP Submission Date June 21,2015 Due Date June 21,2015 Student Name(s) Ishtiaq Ahmed Mohammad Shariful Ikram Student ID(s) 500666959 500543793 Signature(s) [emailprotected] [emailprotected] Table of Contents (Jump to) Objective Introduction Lab topology: Question 1: Question 2: Question 3: Question 4: Question 5: Question 6: Question 7: Conclusion   Objective In this lab, we have used VOIP technology to make voice calls. We have analyzed by implementing WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques for improving the call quality. Introduction Quality of Service or QOS is used to increase the performance of voice application. End user can get voice call performance based on the QOS. It is a very critical implementation for voice over IP or VOIP based calls.QOS deals with reducing the delay and drop of packets compare with low priority traffic. If the delays are long, voice quality will be noisy and conversation will be very bad.QOS make sure the standard voice services by using existing resources. With this lab we have learned fragmentation with frame relay, traffic shaping techniques for improving the voice quality. In the first part of this lab, we will make voice call with FRF12 and analyze the voice quality. Then we will implement WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques and will recognize suitable techniques for voice. In our network topology, router 7 is working as frame-relay switching. Router 1 and Router2 are connected with two telephones. Lab topology: Figure 1 Lab 2 topology We have configured VOIP peer between router 1 and router 2 with our lab instruction. 1. Configure voice over IP over Frame-Relay (FRF.12) and appropriate dial peers at Router 1 and Router 2 with the following information: Committed burst size (Bc) = 12000 bits Committed bit rate (CIR) = 64 kbps Frame relay fragment = 1500 bytes Voice codec: G.729 In this lab, we have used below information between router 1 and router 2: Following table shows initial configuration between router 1 and router 2: 2. Test your configuration by making a call between the two phones. Note the voice quality. With making a call between these phones, we have found voice quality is good. 3. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note that the voice quality deteriorates. To increase the traffic flow, we have changed the packets size 3000 byte by using extended ping command. After that we make call between our phones and gets distort voice because of delay and jitter. 4. Configure the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping at the serial interfaces to improve the voice quality (the fragment delay is required to be less than 10 ms). To improve the voice quality, we have configured frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping between router 1 and router 2 serial interfaces: Question 1: How do you choose appropriate fragment size and committed burst size (Bc) to implement the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping? Why the voice quality is improved after the configuration? In our lab requirements, fragment delay is less than 10 ms. So we have calculated the fragment size based on the following formula: Fragment size (Maximum): †¢ Fragment_size = (0.01 sec) * CIR = (0.01 sec) * 64 kbps = 80 bytes Parameters of Traffic Shapping: †¢ Burst size (Committed): Bc = 0.01 seconds * CIR = 640 bits After these configuration, we have made voice calls and have get better voice quality. Voice quality have improved because of smaller fragmentation. Question 2: Explain why FIFO queuing should not be used if fragmentation is configured. Fragmentation helps to break large data traffic into smaller data traffic. For this voice traffic gets priority and have served faster. In the FIFO technology, if any large data entered into the queue then in that time if any voice traffic comes, then it needs to be wait until large data traffic finishes. There is no way to prioritize the voice traffic in FIFO techniques. 5. Set IP precedence of the voice traffic to 5. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice quality. In the type of service or TOS byte of Header, we have set IP precedence. IP precedence can identify class of services. Out of seven bits, left three digits are use in IP precedence. These values can be from zero to seven. Here larger number means higher priority. We have set IP precedence 5 and we make ping traffic with 3000 bytes in the PVC1.We have get voice quality good than the previous quality. Following table shows the configuration between router 1 and router 2: 6. Configure a RTP priority queue for voice traffic. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice quality Following table shows the configuration between router 1 and router 2: We have generated two ping traffic between router 1 and router 2 with 3000 bytes packet size. After that we have test voice calls between our phones. We have get voice quality is good than previous. It has happened because 27 kbps bandwidth is reserve for voice packets and voice packets has no need to wait in the queue. Question 3: Determine the minimum bandwidth required for the RTP priority queue configuration. We have configured voice traffic with RTP priority queue. Our size of voice packet is 66 bytes. So the minimum requirement of bandwidth is 8*66/0.02 or 26,400 bps or 26.4 kbps. We have used G729 codec and voice payload size is 20 bytes. We set our lab bandwidth is 27 kbps. Question 4: Compare the voice qualities at Steps 4, 5, and 6, and explain the causes of quality differences. To compare voice qualities between steps 4,5, and 6, we have found voice quality is worst in step 4.It has happened for voice call and ping is ready at a time, all packets are transfer in the same queue. So lots of packet are drop because of more queuing delay. Voice traffic has high priority when we use IP precedence 5 in step 5.Our voice and data traffic still use the same bandwidth. Data traffic still transfer even voice traffic arrives. So ping traffic transfers and voice traffic waits. For this, voice quality is not good because there is no bandwidth reservation for voice traffic. In step 6,we have configured 27 kbps bandwidth in RTP priority queuing. This bandwidth is reserve for voice traffic. So voice packets always use this defined bandwidth and voice traffic has priority than ping traffic. So in this case, voice quality is better. 7. Configure three classes: VoIP, VoIP signaling, and default. Reserve bandwidth 25 kbps for VoIP class, and 8 kbps for VoIP signaling class, respectively. Do not assign priority queue to any class. Three different classes has been created in this case. They are assign with fix bandwidth. We have used access-lists for voice traffic classification. Following table shows configuration between router 1 and router 2. Question 5: Explain the differences and similarities between CBWFQ and WFQ. CBWFQ can utilize bandwidth effectively compare to WFQ. It is actually the extended version of WFQ. During the congestion period, CBWFQ can guarantee the minimum bandwidth. It will switch when it gets more bandwidth again. In the CBWFQ, we can define different classes and each different classes we can assign separate bandwidth. The differences and similarities between WFQ and CBWFQ are as follows: Similarities CBWFQ has default traffic class but if we do not define this class then CBWFQ and WFQ has no difference in queuing techniques. Differences Based on the user define classes ,CBWFQ can traffic queuing but WFQ cannot queue traffic. For the traffic flow, CBWFQ can make sure specific bandwidth for it but WFQ can not guarantee that. Network administrator can use CBWFQ more flexibly. They utilize this CBWFQ with different priorities for different types of traffic. Question 6: Based on the above configuration, what are the maximum and minimum bandwidths that are available for the default class? The maximum bandwidth that are available for the default class was 64 kbits/s Default class is use all available bandwidth like bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s if there are no voice traffic Because if there is no voice or voice signaling traffic then the default class is use all available bandwidth (bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s). The minimum bandwidth that are available for the default class is 31 kbit/s But if for voice or voice signaling flow, the reserving bandwidth will be 25 kbits/s and 8 kbit/s respectively. Other will be available for default class. So, minimum bandwidth available for default class is: 64kbps (25kbps + 8kbps) = 31 kbit/s We have generated two ping traffic through PVC1 and at the same time we do voice call. Our packet size is 3000 bytes. We have found same voice quality like step 6. 8. Establish a voice call between the two phones. At the same time, generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size between the two routers. Note the voice quality. We have generated voice calls in our phones. At the same time between router 1 and router 2 we have generated 3000 byte ping traffic. We have found the acceptable voice quality. For voice traffic we have assign different class but there is no priority assign for this class. So, in the receiver end, both data and voice packets are receive similar way. So voice is not be clear because of delay introduce. 9. Configure a priority queue for VoIP class using LLQ. We have configured priority queue with LLQ. Following table shows the configuration: 10. Make a voice call between the two phones. Note the voice quality. After the configuration, we have make phone call with 3000 byte ping traffic in the same time. We found the improved voice quality. Question 7: Explain why the voice quality is improved after the priority configuration. Voice quality has improved for priority configuration. Previously we do not assign priority for different define classes of voice and voice signaling. So, voice quality is improved because of priority assigned. So for any ping traffic comes first it is served first. With the priority queue configuration, it has been resolved. So for any voice traffic arrival, it is use priority queue with allocated bandwidth. Conclusion In this lab, we have configured two routers and make phone call. We have observed the different call quality. Call quality depends on traffic flow. Traffic flows depends on different parameters like delay, jitter, loss of packets, etc. These hampers the quality of services. We have implemented three queuing discipline here like WFQ,CBWFQ,CBWFQ with LLQ. The objective of this lab is to analyze and improve the quality of voice service. We have found, the best voice quality when we have implemented different class for voice traffic and assign high priority value for voice traffic. Page | 1

Art History :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexton 1 I. Phenomenological Description and Interpretation All five of the archetypal shapes are in my self-portrait. First of all, the outside appearance is that of a square of rectangle. I feel that people who do not know me do not perceive any of the characteristics that the other shapes represent. Stability is the only characteristic represented by the shapes that people perceive of me. Inside my stable world is a circle in the middle of the bottom of the box. Within the circle is a triangle. This represents how spirituality is the center of my inner self and I find balance within my spirituality. Coming up from the center of the box is a spiral. As the spiral reaches its apex, there is an equidistant cross. This represents how I am constantly growing in order to reach a critical decision-making time of my life (what I want to do for the rest of my life). All of the Yoruba chromatics have been used in portraying my personality. But the most abundant type by far is dudu. The majority of the inside of my box are colors of brown, black, and gray. These colors show how I am very practical and down to earth. People who do not know me see me as down to earth and this does not change even when one gets to know me. The person at the bottom of the box has all three types on him. This represents how at some point in time my close friends see all the personality traits (aloof, passionate, and practical). The inside of the circle at the bottom of the box is colored orange. This shows how I am more passionate when it comes to my spirituality. The inside of the triangle is colored shades of red and blue. This shows how I am passionate, yet cool since I have found a balance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexton 2 The color contrast of my self-portrait is very weak. There are no strong contrasts between light and dark. I am not dramatic or intense by any means. The weak contrast in colors illustrates how I have a subtle personality. The lack of pastel colors shows that I do not have a delicate personality. The line directions in my self-portrait are all horizontal and vertical. The majority of the direction is horizontal, which shows how my personality is very passive. The vertical lines show that I have a stable personality as well as the potential to be dynamic.

Mob Involvement With Prohibition :: essays research papers

Mob Involvement with Prohibition In 1917 Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution which prohibited the export, import, manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. This new law is believed to have had the greatest effect on the twenties creating a feeling of rebellion and wild behavior. Many people thought this law violated there right to live by their own standards and have a good time. The Volstead Act passed by Congress set up penalties to all violators of the Eighteenth Amendment. Prohibition is one of the best things ever done by the United States Government. It single-handedly created new business opportunities and brought people together like never before. It had also created a booming new industry, and created a new way of life for many people. Unfortunately, none of these things were good things. The new business opportunities were all in the organized crime realm. With the banning of alcohol they saw an incredible bo om in business. No longer did they have to rely on robbery, brothels and cons. There was a whole new business out there and it was making millions. Prohibition also united the American people more than anything since the World War. Everyone, from the poor to the rich, united to break the law. Even the police, yeah sure they will serve and protect, unless they find a better deal. The police were letting alcohol be made and sold right under their noses. The rich buy the booze to spice up their parties and the poor spend their time and money in bootleggers houses getting drunk. Rarely do the rich and the poor agree on anything. But, prohibition contributed to an increased sense of community and neighborly love. Prohibition also brought big business to the small businessman. Alcohol making used to be done by all the large companies. With prohibition the big companies were put out and the small businesses had to meet the demand. This was what I was referring to earlier by creating a huge business opportunities for the hard-working little guy, rather than the large corporations. I suppose you could venture to say prohibition was like a modern time welfare. By saying this I mean rather than making the rich richer and the poor poorer, prohibition helped the poor lift themselves from poverty without the help of the rich. Also prohibition had many benefits beyond the obvious.

Qualities to Run an Educational Institute Essay

Hello! I am presently working for providing education to those who need it the most. I say this as they are deprived of many resources which others can harness in their lives. As far as an ideal school is concerned, what I personally feel is that if you are able to provide the children what they need the most i. e. moral values and skills simultaneously then a school can be said as ideal. Now what sort of skills is required by a child who is into school education is a question. He/she need not to be perfect to work on a computer or in a research laboratory as these are a part of higher curriculum, what he/she should possess is a thorough understanding of the facts at the level of his class and that too in an applicative manner. Learning a fact by heart is a different thing and using it as and when required is an altogether aspect. What an institution should aim is to develop the confidence among the learners that, what they know is correct. Along with the inculcation of moral values is also a very important process. Your students will at some time be adults trying hard to make the ends meet and in that process they will face many difficulties. To help them to be calm and stable in such a situation takes a good understanding of moral values. I think one’s truthfulness is helpful to him in many ways. He or she can escape many problems just by preventing manipulations of facts. If you are truthful you need not to remember any detail and helps people with you to develop trust in you. Participation of community members and parents is very important in good running of a school. The more is the interaction between parents and teachers, better is the understanding of psychological, social, economic aspects of a child’s personality both ways. This helps in a better healing of the child’s problems on academic, social and psychological grounds. I as an individual have an experience of dealing with those who have to be given education in spite of many types of psychological and social problems and experiences faced by them. Many times the girls don’t even trust you as a male because of some past experiences. That’s where it needs to be patient to wait for that faith to develop trough interactions. I also have the required degree in education. My experience in dealing with CCA pattern prescribed by the education board will also be helpful in a better execution of curriculum.

Principles of Business Administration Essay

Both employees and employers need to make sure that they are fully aware of their surroundings and to make sure that they are not under the influence of any drugs or alcohol while at work. Alongside personal conduct employees and employers need to make sure they take on personal action, they need to be able to action when needed and not wait for someone else to take control of a situation. As an employer one way they can make sure that the environment is secure and safe if by finding out the information i. . who is in charge of first aid where are the main health and safety concerns within the building and most importantly knowing who to contact when need to if there is a major issue. Santander is an example of a company who made sure that security is top of the game, the reason for this is this company deals with thousands of customers account details may it be for credit cards or store cards, each member of staff are put through training which explains all about data protection and what to do and not to do. The ways in which staffs are told to deal with the accounts are as follows:- When contacting customer may it be from an outbound call or an inbound call all staff need to make sure that they advice the customers that calls may be recorded for future reference, then they must ask the customers security questions to make sure that they are speaking to the correct person (this can be hard as sometimes it is difficult to fully know if the person you are talking to is the correct person). Once this has been confirmed the employee can go on and explain to customer that they are in arrears and take payment to and note customers account, there are occasions when the payment system will not respond and the employees would have to write down the customers details on these occasions the customers would be aware and if they were happy information would be taken and imputed later on the information would then be placed in a specific bin which is collected one every week where all personal or private information is destroyed. Other things employees are told is when leaving the computer they need to make sure that they lock their screen this way no one is able to get a copy of any of the customers details, if the employee has any paper work laying around they also need to make sure that this is locked away if the information has any customers details on. Due to the amount if accounts that fall into arrears there are staff who mainly deal with the store cards and credit cards, these staff are aware not to talk about account holders details, when calling the customer they need to amek sure they complete security questions

Research: Computer and Video Games

Chapter Two Abstract This research paper explores published articles that report on results from research conducted on how portable electronic communication gadgets affect a student’s study habit. The articles, however, may vary in their own point of view regarding the effects on the students. According to A. Saez (2011), it was pointed out that technology is an integral part of our day-to-day lives. Other articles included in this paper elaborated positive and negative effects of gadgets. According to Admin (2011), electronic gadget devices can have positive and negative effects on youth.Also, According to Jessy Norman (2009), computers and other related technologies have become an enormous part of our daily lives. They have altered our sense of people, space, and time. shadow66 (2006) has pointed it out that the main problem is the proper use of this gadgets or the knowledge that are easy to be accessed. Introduction Electronic Communication gadgets are essential to society and to people’s everyday lives. These gadgets have benefits but as well as drawbacks. Take modern technology as an example to elaborate.According to shadow66 (2006) Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Technology; Technology can be defined as science applied to practical purposes. Nowadays, when the rapidness of development and research is so impressive, it is easy to think about the advantages of modern technology. On the minus side, there is weaponry which is the inseparable issue of the new technologies. Hence, the main problem is the proper use of this knowledge. Nevertheless, weapon engineering propels and provides a huge advance also the industry despite highly developed machinery pollutes the globe.According to Admin (2011) What is the Effect of Electronic Gadgets on Youth? ; Electronic gadget devices can have positive and negative effects on youth. According to the National Institute on Media and the Family, video games can help children practice following direction s and problem solving, and refine motor and spatial skills. Negative effects include social isolation, aggressive behavior, violence, confusing reality and fantasy, and poor grades. Signs of possible psychological addiction to computer or video game use among youth an include worsening school grades; choosing the computer or video games over family, friends or social activities; or restlessness and irritability when not playing a video game or on the computer. Signs of possible psychological addiction to computer or video game use among youth can include worsening school grades; choosing the computer or video games over family, friends or social activities; or restlessness and irritability when not playing a video game or on the computer. According to Australia's media network ABC, Monash University's research shows that children who sent text messages were faster on some tests, but also less accurate.In a NetWorkWorld article, Text Message Language Won't Affect Kids Spelling, Canad a's University of Alberta said that boys who used emphasized â€Å"text speak† were on average worse spellers, while girls who largely abbreviated were better spellers. A 2007 Pew Internet & American Life Project study revealed that strangers contacted 43 percent of social-networking teens online; 31 percent of social-networking teenagers have online â€Å"friends† they have never personally met. According to Jessy Norman (2009) Bad Effects of Technology; Computers and other related technologies have become an enormous part of our daily lives.They have altered our sense of people, space, and time. From our living rooms, we can now talk to people, and watch events unfold in far-off places. Shopping, banking, and game playing are just a few of the other daily activities that have also changed. So many aspects of the ways we communicate and handle information have been altered by technological development. Cellular phones, answering machines, voice mail, fax machines, cab le televisions, computer networks, satellite communications and e-mail are only some recent changes.Other manifestations of this change would be the location of where it is happening. Yes, it is everywhere, including the classrooms for the use of educating children. Technology is now becoming more popular in the presence of classrooms all around the world. Tomorrow's future is in the hands of today's students. According to Angel Lucifer (2009) What Are The Negative And Positive Effects Of Advance Technologies, Like The Internet, To Student's Performance? ; One of the most compelling arguments made against the use of omputers by children is the risk of repetitive motion injury such as carpal tunnel syndrome. This problem may be greater for children than for adults because their musculature and skeletal systems are not fully formed and may be at greater risk for injury. Children's risk of suffering repetitive motion injuries may be further increased because they tend to use computers that are sized for adults, placed on adult-sized furniture, and positioned for an adult user. Another possible risk of using computers is eye-strain, which may include dryness due to not blinking enough, headaches, and blurry vision.To reduce this risk, it is important to limit the time spent staring at the screen; take frequent breaks, making sure to focus the eyes on distant objects; and blink frequently. It is also important to position the monitor sixteen to twenty-seven inches away and in a way that ensures that the user views it at a slightly downward angle. Following some highly publicized events in Japan, it has been suggested that there may be a risk of seizure for children playing video games containing bright flashing lights. Many video games include an elementary school student uses a computer in the school library while another students looks on.The ease and facility with which children use computers comes from the ability children have for assimilating tools in their e nvironment for their personal use. (O'Brien Productions/Corbis) a warning to this effect in their documentation. Fortunately, very few children are susceptible to this condition. For those who are, however, this is potentially a very serious situation. According to Alex Saez (2011) Bad Effects of Electronic Gadgets; Technology is an integral part of our day-to-day lives. People all over the world rely on it for things like communication, organization and employment.Not a day goes by when you don't encounter someone talking on his cell phone, tapping away on a laptop or listening to an MP3 player. While this technology is impressive, there are certain drawbacks in areas like health, public safety and education that should be addressed. Being aware of these dangers can help diminish or reverse these drawbacks. According to the website Healthy Hearing, one-third of teenagers own an MP3 player, such as an iPod. Dr. Craig Kasper, Director of Audiology at the New York Otolaryngology Group , warns that these devices can cause ear damage if used improperly.If the volume is too high or if the individual listens for a long time, hearing damage can happen. Also, ear buds are more dangerous than regular headphones. Healthy Hearing recommends that listeners keep the volume below 70 percent and limit listening time to between 60 and 90 minutes. If you want to listen indefinitely, turn the volume down to 50 percent. Text slang, such as â€Å"ur† instead of â€Å"you're† is commonly used through cell phone texting. However, a recent study shows that kids and teens are actually letting these obscure abbreviations seep into their normal writing.A recent study by Pew Internet in 2008 revealed that 50 percent of students use informal slang in their assignments. Furthermore, 38 percent admit they have used abbreviations in their schoolwork like â€Å"LOL†, which stands for â€Å"laugh out loud†. Additionally, 25 percent say that they use emoticons such a s â€Å"smiley faces† in formal writing. The problem has become so apparent that some U. S. politicians are concerned that the English language and sentence structure is being twisted, negatively affecting students' learning. Electronic gadgets are now very essential to our society today.We need electronic gadgets to do business, to have some recreation and help us get through our daily lives. For better or worse, technology has a significant influence on the study habits of students. In many ways, such as with computers, researching and fact gathering is made easier. However, whether you are a student, a teacher or a parent, you have probably found that the vice is often wrapped in the virtue, and that the same things that are beneficial can also prove to be distracting. References Admin, (2011). Electronic gadget devices result to positive and negative effects on youth. What is the Effect of Electronic Gadgets on Youth?Lucifer, A. (2009). Use of computers by children is the risk of repetitive motion injury. What Are The Negative and Positive Effects of Advance Technologies to Student’s Performance? Norman, J. (2009). Computers and other related technologies have become an enormous part of our daily lives. Bad Effects of Technology. Saez, A. (2011). People all over the world rely on it for things like communication, organization and employment. Bad Effects of Electronic Gadgets. Shadow66, (2006). Technology can be defined as science applied to practical purposes. Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Technology.